James L. Green Chief Scientist: NASA (from 2018) Director, Planetary Science Division: NASA HQ (2006-2018) Missions led as PSD Director: (include) New Horizons, MESSENGER, Dawn Ph D.: Space Physics: University of Iowa Author: Over 100 refereed planetary science papers Podcast: Gravity Assist (https://www.nasa.gov/gravityassist)

How will humanity first discover ET Life?Best guess: Biosignatures (Solar System) Life will be found in the Solar System before on distant exoplanets Where in the Solar System? Mars Curiosity Rover: Has already found the major chemical building blocks of life, including oxygen and complex organic molecules Perseverance Rover: Scheduled to land in February 2021, will continue search for biosignatures

Where in the Solar System? Mars (continued) Atmosphere: Oxygen & methane exist, possibly being emitted by life Rosalind Franklin Rover (ESA): May find evidence for life by the mid-2020s. Ocean Moons: Europa (Jupiter) & Enceladus (Saturn) Vast quantities of water underneath ice shells Might house deep hydrothermal vents, teeming with life if Earth vents Europa Clipper (NASA): May find microbes by flying through jets spewing through surface cracks – all before the end of the 2020s Titan Life different than Earth -- may use liquid methane like water Dragonfly (NASA): may find evidence for life scouted by flying  -- within the next two decades

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